Neith
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Neith | |||||||
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![]() The Egyptian goddess Neith, the primary lordess, bearing her war goddess symbols, the crossed arrows and shield on her head, the ankh, and the was-sceptre. She sometimes wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. | |||||||
Name in hieroglyphs |
or
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Major cult center | Sais, Esna | ||||||
Symbol | bow, shield, arrows, ankh, loom, mummy cloth, click beetle [1] | ||||||
Parents | None, self-created | ||||||
Consort | Khnum,[2] Set[a] | ||||||
Offspring | Sobek,[3] Ra,[4] Apep,[b] Tutu,[5] Serket |
Neith /ˈniː.ɪθ/ (Koinē Greek: Νηΐθ, a borrowing of the Demotic form Ancient Egyptian: nt, likely originally to have been nrt "the terrifying one"; also spelled Nit, Net, or Neit)[6] was an ancient goddess [7][8][9] worshipped by Libyans and ancient Egyptians.[10][11] Though her origin is unclear, it is believed that she was a divinity of the local Libyan population in Sais in Egypt, where her oracle was located[12]. Her worship is attested as early as Predynastic Egypt, around 6000 BCE.[c][13][14][15] She was said to be the creator and governor of the universe and the inventor of birth.[6] She was the goddess of the cosmos, fate, wisdom, water, rivers, mothers, childbirth, hunting, weaving, and, originally, war.[16]
The inscription on Neith’s temple in Sais in the Nile Delta (now modern Sa el-Hagar) read:
I am all that has been, that is, and that will be. No mortal has yet been able to lift the veil that covers me.[17]
Neith was the tutelary deity of Sais (Coptic: ⲥⲁⲓ Sai from Egyptian Zau) in the western Nile Delta of Lower Egypt, where her cult was centered. It is attested as early as the First Dynasty.[18] Neith was also one of the three tutelary deities of the southern city of Latopolis (Koinē Greek: Λατόπολις) or Esna (Snē) (Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲏ from earlier Egyptian: t3-snt, also iwnyt).[19][20] Latopolis was located on the western bank of the River Nile some 55 kilometres (34 mi) south of Luxor (Thebes). She was associated with Athena, and was said to have migrated from Libya to build her temple at Sais in the Nile Delta.[21]
Symbolism
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bronze_statuette_of_Neith._She_wears_the_Red_Crown_of_Lower_Egypt._The_hieroglyphic_inscriptions%2C_partially_erased%2C_mention_the_name_of_Padihor._From_Egypt._Late_Period._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
In her usual representations, she is portrayed as a fierce deity, a woman wearing the Red Crown, occasionally holding or using the bow and arrow, in others, a harpoon. Neith also is a goddess of war and of hunting and that is the symbolism depicted most often. Her symbol was two arrows crossed over a shield.[22] The hieroglyphs of her name usually are followed by a determinative containing the archery elements, with the shield symbol of the name being explained as either double bows (facing one another), intersected by two arrows (usually lashed to the bows), or, by other imagery associated with her worship. As she is connected with weaving, the symbol is sometimes suggested to be a shuttle.[16][23] Her symbol also identified the city of Sais.[3] This symbol was displayed on top of her head in Egyptian art. In her form as a goddess of war, she was said to make the weapons of warriors and to guard their bodies when they died.
As a deity, Neith is normally shown carrying the was scepter (symbol of rule and power) and the ankh (symbol of life). She is associated with Mehet-Weret, as a cow who gives birth to the sun daily, whose name means "Great Flood."[24][25] In these forms, she is associated with the creation of both the primeval time and the daily "re-creation". As protectress of Ra or the king, she is represented as a uraeus.[22] In time, this led to her being considered as the personification of the primordial waters of creation.[6]
Neith is one of the most ancient deities associated with ancient Egyptian culture. Flinders Petrie[26] noted the earliest depictions of her standards were known in predynastic periods, as can be seen from a representation of a barque bearing her crossed arrow standards in the Predynastic Period, as is displayed in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Her first anthropomorphic representations occur in the early dynastic period, on a diorite vase of King Ny-Netjer of the Second Dynasty. The vase was found in the Step Pyramid of Djoser (Third Dynasty) at Saqqara. That her worship predominated the early dynastic periods is demonstrated by a preponderance of theophoric names (personal names that incorporate the name of a deity) within which Neith appears as an element. Predominance of Neith's name in nearly forty percent of early dynastic names, and particularly in the names of four royal women of the First Dynasty, clearly emphasizes the importance of this goddess in relation to the early society of Egypt, with special emphasis on association with the Royal House.[27]
In the very early periods of Egyptian history, the main iconographic representations of this goddess appear to have been limited to her hunting and war characteristics, although there is no Egyptian mythological reference to support the concept that this was her primary function as a deity.[28]
It has been theorized that Neith's primary cult point in the Old Kingdom was established in Saïs (modern Sa el-Hagar) by Hor-Aha of the First Dynasty, in an effort to placate the residents of Lower Egypt by the ruler of the unified country. Textual and iconographic evidence indicates that she was a national goddess for Old Kingdom Egypt, with her own sanctuary in Memphis, indicating the high regard held for her. There, she was known as "North of her Wall", as counterpoise to Ptah's "South of his Wall" epithet. While Neith is generally regarded as a deity of Lower Egypt, her worship was not consistently located in that delta region. Her cult reached its height in Saïs and apparently in Memphis in the Old Kingdom, and remained important, although to a lesser extent, through the Middle and New Kingdom. Her cult regained cultural prominence again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty when worship at Saïs flourished again, as well as at Esna in Upper Egypt.
Neith's symbol and part of her hieroglyph also bore a resemblance to a loom,[29] and so in later syncretisation of Egyptian myths by the Greek ruling class of that time she was conflated with Athena, a Greek deity of war and weaving.[30]
Sometimes Neith was pictured as a woman nursing a baby crocodile, and she then was addressed with the title, "Nurse of Crocodiles", reflecting a southern provincial mythology in Upper Egypt that she served as either the mother of the crocodile god, Sobek. As the mother of Ra, in her Mehet-Weret form, she was sometimes described as the "Great Cow who gave birth to Ra". As a maternal figure (beyond being the birth-mother of the sun-god Ra), Neith is associated with Sobek as her son (as early as the Pyramid Texts), but in later religious conventions that paired deities, no male deity is consistently identified with her in a pair and so, she often is represented without one. Later triad associations made with her have little or no religious or mythological supporting references, appearing to have been made by political or regional associations only.
Some modern writers assert that they may interpret that as her being 'androgynous', since Neith is the creator capable of giving birth without a partner (asexually) and without association of creation with sexual imagery, as seen in the myths of Atum and other creator deities; which in turn led to her being accredited as the creator of birth itself.[31] However, her name always appears as feminine. Erik Hornung interprets that in the Eleventh Hour of the Amduat, Neith's name appears written with a phallus.[32] In reference to Neith's function as creator with both male and female characteristics, Peter Kaplony has said in the Lexikon der Ägyptologie: "Die Deutung von Neith als Njt "Verneinung" ist sekundär. Neith ist die weibliche Entsprechung zu Nw(w), dem Gott der Urflut (Nun and Naunet)."[33] She was considered to be eldest of the Ancient Egyptian deities. Neith is said to have been "born the first, in the time when as yet there had been no birth".[34]
In the Pyramid Texts, Neith is paired with the goddess Selket as the two braces for the sky, which places these goddesses as the supports for the heavens (see PT 1040a-d, following J. Gwyn Griffths, The Conflict of Horus and Seth, (London, 1961) p. 1). This ties in with the vignette in The Contendings of Horus and Seth when, as the most ancient among them, Neith is asked by the deities to decide who should rule. She was appealed to as an arbiter in the dispute between Horus and Seth. In her message of reply, Neith selects Horus, and says she will "cause the sky to crash to the earth" if he is not selected.[30]
The click beetle (likely specifically agrypnus notodonta) is one of the beetles depicted in ancient Egyptian art. The shape of the beetle resembles the shape of some ancient Egyptian shields, and necklaces with beads shaped like the beetle have been found. Additionally, the beetles have been found depicted as part of a symbol of Neith.[35] This association appears as early as the Protodynastic period, and may be the origin of one of Neith's stylized cult signs.[36]
Attributes
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2022) |
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An analysis of her attributes shows Neith was a goddess with many roles. From predynastic and early dynasty periods, she was referred to as an "Opener of the Ways" (same as Wepwawet),[24] which may have referred, not only to her leadership in hunting and war but also as a psychopomp in cosmic and underworld pathways, escorting souls. References to Neith as the "Opener of Paths" occurs in Dynasty Four through Dynasty Six, and Neith is seen in the titles of women serving as priestesses of the goddess. Such epithets include: "Priestess of Neith who opens all the (path)ways", "Priestess of Neith who opens the good pathways", "Priestess of Neith who opens the way in all her places". (el-Sayed, I: 67-69). el-Sayed asserts his belief that Neith should be seen as a parallel to Wepwawet, the ancient jackal god of Upper Egypt, who was associated in that southern region with both royalty in victory and as a psychopomp for the dead.
The main imagery of Neith as Wepwawet was as the deity of the unseen and limitless sky, as opposed to representations of Nut and Hathor, who respectively represented the manifested night and day skies.[37][38] Neith's epithet as the "Opener of the Sun's paths in all her stations" refers to how the sun is reborn (due to seasonal changes) at various points in the sky, under Neith's control of all beyond the visible world, of which only a glimpse is revealed prior to dawn and after sunset. It is at these changing points that Neith reigns as a form of sky goddess, where the sun rises and sets daily, or at its 'first appearance' to the sky above and below. It is at these points, beyond the sky that is seen, that Neith's true power as the deity who creates life is manifested.[citation needed]
Georges St. Clair noted that Neith is represented at times as a cow goddess with a line of stars across her back[34] (as opposed to representations of Nut with stars across the belly) [See el-Sayed, II, Doc. 644], and maintained this indicated that Neith represents the full ecliptic circle around the sky (above and below), and is seen iconographically in ancient texts as both the regular and the inverted determinative for the heavenly vault, indicating the cosmos below the horizon. St. Clair maintained it was this realm that Neith personified, for she is the complete sky that surrounds the upper (Nut) and lower (Nunet?) sky, and who exists beyond the horizon, and thereby, beyond the skies themselves. Neith, then, is that portion of the cosmos that is not seen, and in which the sun is reborn daily, below the horizon (which may reflect the statement assigned to Neith as "I come at dawn and at sunset daily").[39]
Since Neith also was goddess of war, she thus had an additional association with death: in this function, she shot her arrows into the enemies of the dead, and thus she began to be viewed as a protector of the dead, often appearing as a uraeus snake to drive off intruders and those who would harm the deceased (in this form she is represented in the tomb of Tutankhamun). She also is shown as the protectress of one of the Four sons of Horus, specifically Duamutef, the god who protected the stomach. Through her role as a goddess of weaving, she was associated with the wrappings of mummies.[40]
Mythology
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In some ancient Egyptian creation myths, Neith was identified as the mother of Ra and Apep. When she was identified as a water goddess, she was viewed as the mother of Sobek, the crocodile.[41] It was because of this association with water, i.e. the Nile, that during pairing of deities she sometimes was considered the wife of Khnum and sometimes was associated with the source of the River Nile. In that cult center, she also was associated with the Nile Perch as well as being the goddess of the triad.
As the goddess of creation and weaving, she was said to reweave the world on her loom daily. An interior wall of the temple at Esna records an account of creation in which Neith brings forth the Nun, the first land, from the primeval waters. All that she conceived in her heart comes into being, including all thirty deities. Having no husband she has been described as "Virgin Mother Goddess":
Unique Goddess, mysterious and great who came to be in the beginning and caused everything to come to be. The divine mother of Ra, who shines on the horizon...[4]
Proclus (412–485 AD) wrote that the adyton of the temple of Neith in Sais (of which nothing now remains) carried the following inscription:
I am the things that are, that will be, and that have been. No one has ever laid open the garment by which I am concealed. The fruit which I brought forth was the sun.[42]
It was said that Neith interceded in the kingly war between Horus and Set, over the Egyptian throne, recommending that Horus rule.
A great festival, called the Feast of Lamps, was held annually in honor of Neith and, according to the Greek historian Herodotus, her devotees burned a multitude of lights in the open air all night during the celebration.
Syncretic relationships
[edit]The Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) noted that the Egyptian citizens of Sais in Egypt worshipped Neith. The Greeks sought to draw a syncretic relationship to associate Egyptian deities with those of Greece. They identified Neith with Athena. The Timaeus, a dialogue written by Plato, mirrors that identification with Athena, possibly as a result of the identification of both goddesses with war and weaving.[43]
The English Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge suggested that the Christian biblical account of the flight into Egypt as recorded in the apocryphal gospels was directly influenced by stories about Isis and Horus; Budge argued that the writers of these gospels ascribed to Mary, the mother of Jesus, many peculiarities which, at the time of the rise of Christianity, were perceived as belonging to both Isis and Neith, for example, the parthenogenesis concept shared by both Neith and Mary.[44]
Neith has been speculated by some scholars, such as J. Gwyn Griffiths and Jan Assmann, to be the actual goddess depicted in the first and second century Greek historian Plutarch's description of the Veil of Isis in his On Isis and Osiris. The veiled Isis is a motif which associates her with mystery and ceremonial magic. Plutarch described the statue of a seated and veiled goddess in the Egyptian city of Sais.[45][46] He identified the goddess as "Athena, whom [the Egyptians] consider to be Isis."[45] However, Sais was the cult center of the goddess Neith, whom the Greeks compared to their goddess Athena, and could have been the goddess that Plutarch spoke of.[47] More than 300 years after Plutarch, the Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus wrote of the same statue in Book I of his Commentaries on Plato's "Timaeus". In this version, a statement is added: "The fruit of my womb was the sun",[46] which could further be associated with Neith, due to her being the mother of the Sun god Ra.
See also
[edit]People named after Neith:
- Neithhotep, wife of the first king of a unified Ancient Egypt, Narmer or of Hor-Aha, the mother of and co-ruler with Djer, and who may have ruled in her own right during the first dynasty
- Merneith, a woman who served as consort and regent of Ancient Egypt and who may have ruled in her own right during the first dynasty
- Neith (wife of Pepi II) and the mother of another king of Ancient Egypt, perhaps Nemtyemsaf II
- Meryneith, official and priest of the New Kingdom
Notes
[edit]- ^ According to some variations of the Horus and Set myth, Neith seduced Set while Horus healed after Set removed his eyes. Later she would give him the Semitic goddesses Anat and Astarte as consorts.
- ^ Due to his serpentine shape, Apep was said to have originated from Ra's umbilical cord. See Apep.
- ^ Scholar Richard H. Wilkinson comments on this: "Neith is one of the most ancient deities known from Egypt. There is ample evidence that she was one of the most important deities of the prehistoric and Early Dynastic periods and, impressively, her veneration persisted to the very end of the pharaonic age. Her character was complex as her mythology continued to grow over this great span of time and, although many early myths of the goddess are undoubtably lost to us, the picture we are able to recover is still one of a powerful deity whose roles encompassed aspects of this life and the beyond"
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt (PDF).
- ^ Najovits 2003, p. 102.
- ^ a b Fleming & Lothian 1997, p. 62.
- ^ a b Lesko 1999, pp. 60–63.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 183.
- ^ a b c "Neith". worldhistory.org. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt. p. 32,97,291,369.
- ^ Lesko 1999, pp. 47–48, 58.
- ^ "Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt: the Tehenu in Egyptian records". unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
The temple of Sais, in the western delta, the chief centre of Libyan influence in Egypt, bore the name of 'House of the king of Lower Egypt'. The chief goddess of this temple was Neith ('the terrible with her bows and arrows') and she was 'living in the west'. The Libyans of north-west Egypt, especially in Sais, tattooed the emblem of Neith upon their arms. It seems that Sais was the residence of a Libyan king of the delta at a certain time. The origin of the uraeus, the royal serpent of the Pharaohs, is said to be traced to an early Libyan king of the delta, as shown from the reliefs discovered in Sahure's pyramid-temple at Abusir bearing the drawing of four Libyan chiefs wearing on their brows this royal emblem. It is worth noting that the Tehenu was the principal Libyan tribe who used to infiltrate into Egypt before the Libyan invasions, which will be dealt with later.
- ^ Camps, G. (1989-01-01). "Athéna". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (7): 1011–1013. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1211. ISSN 1015-7344.
Il faut citer en premier lieu la déesse égypto-libyque Nît, très ancienne mais particulièrement adorée durant l'époque saïte, au moment où la Basse-Egypte est soumise à une forte influence libyenne et où règne une dynastie de même origine. Nît
[We must first mention the Egyptian-Libyan goddess Nit, very ancient but particularly worshiped during the Saite era, when Lower Egypt was subject to a strong Libyan influence and where a dynasty of the same origin reigned. Nit] - ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Neith". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
Neith may have originally been a fertility deity corresponding to the goddess Tanit who was later worshipped in North Africa at Carthage
- ^ Hollis, Susan T. (2019). Five Egyptian goddesses: their possible beginnings, actions, and relationships in the third millennium BCE. Bloomsbury Egyptology. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 20–25. ISBN 978-1-4742-3425-2.
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Neith". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
- ^ "Museum Bulletin | A Late Saitic Statue from the Temple of Neith at Sais". Museum Bulletin. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
Sais had an old sanctuary, the temple of the goddess Neith, and in prehistoric times seems to have been the center of a Lower Egyptian kingdom
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Neith". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
was worshipped early in the Pre-Dynastic Period (c. 6000 - 3150 BCE)
- ^ a b "Neith". brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Neith". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ Shaw & Nicholson 1995, p. 250.
- ^ Richter 2016, p. 74.
- ^ Kaper 2003.
- ^ "Amazigh Religion in Libya". Libyan Heritage House. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
- ^ a b Wilkinson 2003, p. 158.
- ^ Watterson 1984, p. 174.
- ^ a b "Nit (Neith), Goddess of Weaving, War, Hunting and the Red Crown, Creator Deity, Mother of Ra". touregypt.net. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 157, 174.
- ^ Petrie & Mace 1901, p. 16.
- ^ Lesko 1999, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Watterson 1984, p. 176.
- ^ Simon 2002, p. 275.
- ^ a b Wilkinson 2003, p. 157.
- ^ "Deities in Ancient Egypt - Neith". egyptianmuseum.org/. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ Das Amduat, Teil I: Text: 188, No. 800.(Äg. Abh., Band 7, Wiesbaden) 1963
- ^ Schlichting 1982, p. 393.
- ^ a b St. Clair 1898, p. 176.
- ^ Haynes, Dawn. The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt (PDF).
- ^ Hendrickx, Stan (1996). "Two Protodynastic Objects in Brussels and the Origin of the Bilobate Cult-Sign of Neith". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 82: 23–42. doi:10.2307/3822112. ISSN 0307-5133.
- ^ "Neith as a Celestial Wepwawet". academia.edu. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ "Neith". globalegyptianmuseum.org. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ St. Clair 1898, p. 177.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 157–158.
- ^ Fleming & Lothian 1997, p. 33.
- ^ Taylor 1820, p. 82.
- ^ Timaeus 21e
- ^ Budge 1904, p. 220.
- ^ a b Griffiths 1970, p. 131.
- ^ a b Assmann 1997, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Griffiths 1970, p. 283.
Works cited
[edit]- Assmann, Jan (1997). Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-58738-0.
- Budge, E. A. Wallis (1904). The Gods Of The Egyptians Or Studies In Egyptian Mythology Voume II. London: Methuen and Co. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- Fleming, Fergus; Lothian, Alan (1997). The Way to Eternity: Egyptian myth. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0-7054-3503-1. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Griffiths, J. Gwyn, ed. (1970). Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride. University of Wales Press.
- Kaper, Olaf E. (2003). The Egyptian God Tutu: A Study of the Sphinx-god and Master of Demons with a Corpus of Monuments. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042912175.
- Lesko, Barbara S. (1999). The Great Goddesses of Egypt. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 60–63. ISBN 0-8061-3202-7.
- Najovits, Simson R. (2003). Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Vol. I: A Modern Survey of and Ancient Land. Algora Publishing. ISBN 9780875862347.
- Petrie, W. M. Flinders; Mace, Arthur C. (1901). Diospolis Parva: the cemeteries of Abadiyeh and Hu, 1898-9. London: The Egypt Exploration Fund. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Schlichting, Robert (1982). Helck, Wolfgang; Westendorf, Wolfhart (eds.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie Band IV: Megiddo-Pyramiden. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02262-0. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995). The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (2002 ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977424762-0. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Simon, Catherine (2002). Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Ancient Gods Speak : a guide to Egyptian religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515401-6. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Richter, Barbara A. (2016-04-15). The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-Wer Sanctuary. ISD LLC. ISBN 9781937040529.
- St. Clair, George (1898). Creation Records Discovered in Egypt (Studies in The Book of the Dead). London: Harrison and Sons. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Taylor, Thomas (1820). Proclus: The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato, in Five Books. A.J. Valpy. p. 82.
- Watterson, Barbara (1984). The Gods of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File Publications. ISBN 978-0-8160-1111-7. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (2017 paperback ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28424-7.
Further reading
[edit]- el-Sayed, Ramadan (1982). La déesse Neith de Saïs. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.
- Tower Hollis, Susan (1995). "5 Egyptian Goddesses in the Third Millenium B.C.: Neith, Hathor, Nut, Isis, Nephthys". KMT: Journal of Ancient Egypt 5/4.
- Mallet, Dominique (1888). Le culte de Neit à Saïs. Paris : E. Leroux.
- Altenmüller, Hartwig. "Zum Ursprung Von Isis Und Nephthys." Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur 27 (1999): 1-26. Accessed June 15, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/25152793.
- El Sayed, Ramadan. "Les Rôles Attribués à La Déesse Neith Dans Certains Des Textes Des Cercueils." Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, 43 (1974): 275-94. Accessed June 15, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/43074608.
- Hendrickx, Stan. "Two Protodynastic Objects in Brussels and the Origin of the Bilobate Cult-Sign of Neith." The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 82 (1996): 23-42. Accessed June 15, 2020. doi:10.2307/3822112.
External links
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