List of wars involving the United States
The United States has been involved in 108 military conflicts. These include major conflicts like the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the American Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II and the Gulf War. It also includes US involvement in widespread periods of conflict like the Indian Wars, the Cold War (including the Korean War and the Vietnam War), and the War on Terror (including the Iraq War, the War in Afghanistan, and others).
Four military engagements encompassing three wars, all of which are interventions, currently involve the US: the Yemeni Civil War, the Somali Civil War, and the Syrian Civil War.
- USA victory - 78
- Another result * - 13
- USA defeat - 13
- Ongoing conflict - 4
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
18th-century wars
19th-century wars
Conflict | Allies | Opponent(s) | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
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First Barbary War (1801–1805) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli ![]() |
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US-allied victory | Thomas Jefferson |
Tecumseh's War (1810–1813) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Northwest River Ohio ![]() |
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Tecumseh's Confederacy
List |
US victory | James Madison |
War of 1812 (1812–1815) Location: Eastern and Central North America ![]() |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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Creek War (1813–1814) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Southern United States ![]() |
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Red Stick Creek | US-allied victory | |
Second Barbary War (1815) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary States ![]() |
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US victory | |
First Seminole War (1817–1818) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Spanish Florida ![]() |
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Seminole
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US victory
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James Monroe |
Arikara War (1823) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Missouri River ![]() |
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Arikara | Inconclusive/Other Result
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Winnebago War (1827) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory |
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Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies |
US-allied victory
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John Quincy Adams |
Black Hawk War (1832) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory ![]() |
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Black Hawk's British Band Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies |
US-allied victory
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Andrew Jackson |
Second Seminole War (1835–1842) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Florida, United States ![]() |
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Seminole | US victory
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Andrew Jackson (March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837)
Martin Van Buren (March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841) William Henry Harrison (March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841) John Tyler (April 4, 1841 –March 4, 1845) |
Texas Comanche Wars (1836–1875) Part of the Texas–Indian wars and the American Indian Wars Location: South-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado) and northern Mexico ![]() |
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US victory | Andrew Jackson (March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837)
Martin Van Buren (March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841) William Henry Harrison (March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841) John Tyler (April 4, 1841 –March 4, 1845) James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849) Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) |
Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Location: Texas, New Mexico, California and Mexico ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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James K. Polk |
Cayuse War (1847–1855) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon ![]() |
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Cayuse | US victory
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James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849)
Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) |
Apache Wars (1849–1924) Part of the Texas–Indian wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Southwestern United States ![]() |
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Apache Ute Yavapai |
US victory
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James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849)
Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881) James A. Garfield (March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881) Chester A. Arthur (September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885) Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889) Benjamin Harrison (March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893) Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897) William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901) Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) |
Navajo Wars (1849–1866) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Mexico ![]() |
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US victory
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James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849)
Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) |
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) Location: Kansas and Missouri ![]() |
Anti-slavery settlers (Free-Staters) |
Pro-slavery settlers (Border Ruffians) | Free-Stater victory.
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Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) |
Puget Sound War (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington |
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Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit |
US victory
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Franklin Pierce |
Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Rogue Valley |
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Tututni | US victory
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Third Seminole War (1855–1858) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Florida |
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Seminole | US victory
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Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) |
Yakima War (1855–1858) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington Territory ![]() |
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Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe |
US victory | |
Second Opium War (1856–1859) Part of the Opium Wars Location: China ![]() |
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US victory
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Utah War (1857–1858) Part of the Mormon wars Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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Reform War (1858–1866) Location: Mexico |
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Liberals - US victory | |
Pig War (1859) Location: San Juan Islands ![]() Proposed boundaries: Through Haro Strait, favored by the US Through Rosario Strait, favored by Britain Through San Juan Channel, compromise proposal The lines are as shown on maps of the time. The modern boundary follows straight line segments and roughly follows the blue line. The modern eastern boundary of San Juan County roughly follows the red line. |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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James Buchanan |
John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Location: West Virginia ![]() |
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Abolitionist Insurgents | US victory | |
First and Second Cortina War (1859–1861) Location: Texas and Mexico |
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US-allied victory | |
Paiute War (1860) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada |
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Paiute Shoshone Bannock |
US victory | |
American Civil War (1861–1865) Location: Southern United States, Indian Territory, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean ![]() |
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US victory
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Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona ![]() |
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Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave |
US victory |
Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) |
Dakota War of 1862 (1862) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Minnesota and Dakota ![]() |
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US victory | Abraham Lincoln |
Colorado War (1863–1865) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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Snake War (1864–1868) Part of the American Indian Wars Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho |
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Paiute Bannock Shoshone |
US victory | Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865)
Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) |
Powder River War (1865) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Powder River State |
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Inconclusive | |
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Powder River State ![]() |
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Lakota-allied victory
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Formosa Expedition (1867) Location: Hengchun, Taiwan, Qing China' ![]() |
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Paiwan | Paiwan victory | |
Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Western United States ![]() |
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US victory | Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869)
Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) |
United States expedition to Korea (1871) Location: Ganghwa Island ![]() |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
American military victory American diplomatic failure
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Ulysses S. Grant |
Modoc War (1872–1873) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: California and Oregon ![]() |
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US victory | |
Red River War (1874–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Texas |
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US victory
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Las Cuevas War (1875) Location: Texas and Mexico ![]() |
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Mexican bandits | US victory
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Great Sioux War of 1876 (1876–1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming ![]() |
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US victory
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Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Texas and Oklahoma |
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US victory | |
Nez Perce War (1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana ![]() |
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Nez Perce Palouse |
US victory | Rutherford B. Hayes |
Bannock War (1878) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming |
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Bannock Shoshone Paiute |
US victory | |
Cheyenne War (1878–1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana ![]() |
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US victory | |
Sheepeater Indian War (1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Idaho |
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Shoshone | US victory | |
Victorio's War (1879–1880) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Mexico |
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Apache | US-allied victory | |
White River War (1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado ![]() |
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Ute | US victory | |
Egyptian Expedition (1882) Part of the Anglo-Egyptian War Location: Alexandria ![]() |
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US victory | Chester A. Arthur |
Crow War (1887) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana ![]() |
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US victory | Grover Cleveland |
Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: South Dakota ![]() |
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US victory | Benjamin Harrison |
Garza War (1891–1893) Location: Texas and Mexico ![]() |
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Garzistas | US-allied victory | |
Yaqui Wars (1896–1918) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona and Mexico ![]() |
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US-allied victory | Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897)
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Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa ![]() |
Samoa![]() |
Mataafans![]() |
Inconclusive/Other Result
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William McKinley |
Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines ![]() |
1899–1902![]() 1902-1906 |
1899–1902![]() Limited Foreign Support: 1902-1906 |
US victory
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William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901)
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Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) Location: Philippines ![]() |
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US victory
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William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901)
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Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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William McKinley |
20th-century wars
Conflict | Allies | Opponent(s) | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
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Crazy Snake's War (1909) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma ![]() |
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Creek | US victory | Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge |
Mexican Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border |
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US victory
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William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson |
Little Race War (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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William Howard Taft |
United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua ![]() |
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US victory
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William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover |
Bluff War (1914–1915) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah and Colorado ![]() |
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Ute Paiute |
US victory | Woodrow Wilson |
United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico ![]() |
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US victory | |
United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti ![]() |
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US-allied victory | Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt |
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic ![]() |
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US victory | Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge |
World War I (1914–1918, direct U.S. involvement in 1917–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Woodrow Wilson |
Russian Civil War (1917–1923, direct U.S. involvement in 1918–1920) Location: Russia |
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Bolshevik Victory[19]
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Posey War (1923) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah ![]() |
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Ute Paiute |
US victory
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Warren G. Harding |
World War II (1939–1945, direct U.S. involvement in 1941–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America ![]() |
Allies:
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Axis:
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US-allied victory
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Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman |
Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea ![]() |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Vietnam War (1955–1964[a], 1965–1973[b], 1974–1975[c]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos ![]() |
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North Vietnam-allied victory
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Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961) John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
Laotian Civil War (1959–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos ![]() |
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Pathet Lao-allied victory
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Permesta Rebellion (1958–1961) Location: Indonesia ![]() |
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Indonesian government victory | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Lebanon crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba ![]() |
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Cuban government victory
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John F. Kennedy |
Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Lyndon B. Johnson |
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon |
Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Part of the Cold War Location: Cambodia ![]() |
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Khmer Rouge-allied victory
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Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
Multinational intervention in Lebanon (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon ![]() |
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Syrian-allied victory
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Ronald Reagan (January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989) |
United States invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Ronald Reagan |
Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya |
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US victory
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Tanker War (1987–1988) Part of the Iran–Iraq War Location: Persian Gulf ![]() |
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US victory
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United States invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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George H. W. Bush |
Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) Bill Clinton George W. Bush |
First U.S. Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Part of the Somali civil war (1991–present) Location: Somalia |
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Somali victory
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George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) Bill Clinton |
Bosnian War and Croatian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia ![]() |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Bill Clinton |
Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia ![]() |
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Inconclusive/Other Result
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- ^ Advisory role from the forming of the MAAG in Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
- ^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw all U.S forces withdrawn; the Case–Church Amendment, passed by the U.S Congress on August 15, 1973, officially ended direct U.S military involvement .
- ^ The war reignited on December 13, 1974, with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under five months.
21st-century wars
Conflict | Allies | Belligerent | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
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War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Part of the war on terror and the Afghan conflict Location: Afghanistan ![]() |
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Taliban splinter groups 2001 Invasion: |
Taliban victory
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George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden |
US intervention in Yemen (2002–present) Part of the war on terror, the al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen, the Yemeni Civil War and the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war Location: Yemen ![]() |
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Ongoing
US Intervention against jihadists
US Intervention against Houthi movement
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George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden |
Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the war on terror Location: Iraq |
Post-invasion (2003–2011)
List
Invasion phase (2003) |
Post-invasion (2003–2011) Invasion phase (2003) Dulaim Tribes |
Inconclusive/Other Result
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George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama |
US intervention in the War in North-West Pakistan (2004–2018) Part of the war on terror and the War in North-West Pakistan Location: Pakistan ![]() |
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Jihadists:
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US-allied victory
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George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump |
Second US Intervention in the Somali Civil War (2007–present) Part of the Somali Civil War, the Somali Civil War and the war on terror Location: Somalia and Northeastern Kenya ![]() |
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Supported by: Non-combat support: |
Jihadists:
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Ongoing
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George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden |
Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Location: Indian Ocean ![]() |
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Somali pirates | US-allied victory
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) |
International intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the Libyan Crisis and the First Libyan Civil War Location: Libya ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) |
Operation Observant Compass (2011–2017) Part of the war on terror and the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Location: Uganda ![]() |
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US-allied victory
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) |
US military intervention in Niger (2013–2024) Part of the war on terror, the Operation Juniper Shield and the Jihadist insurgency in Niger Location: Niger ![]() |
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Jihadists:
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Jihadists victory[59][60][61][62]
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump Joe Biden |
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the War in Iraq (2013–2017), the Spillover of the Syrian civil war, the war on terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq ![]() |
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Jihadists: | US-allied victory
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump Joe Biden |
US intervention in the Syrian civil war (2014–present) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian civil war, the war on terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria ![]() |
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Ongoing
US Intervention against jihadists
US Intervention against Assad regime
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump Joe Biden |
US intervention in Libya (2015–2019) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the war on terror, the Second Libyan Civil War, and the International ISIS Campaign Location: Libya ![]() |
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Jihadists:
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ISIS in Libya largely defeated
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Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump |
Operation Prosperity Guardian (2023–present) Part of the Red Sea crisis, the Israel–Hamas war and the Yemeni Civil War Location: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Yemen ![]() |
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Ongoing
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Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent) |
See also
- List of notable deployments of U.S. military forces overseas
- Timeline of United States military operations
- Military history of the United States
- United States Armed Forces
- List of American military installations
- List of United States drone bases
- List of countries with overseas military bases
Notes
- ^ Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".[1][2] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.[3][4][5][6]
- As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."[7] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.[8][9][10][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
- A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
- The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]
- In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]
- ^ France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[5]
- The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]
- Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]
References
- ^ Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, September 6, 2016.
- ^ James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived January 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, August 4, 2011.
- ^ Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
- ^ Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
- ^ Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
- ^ Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
- ^ David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
- ^ Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived October 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
- ^ Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived June 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
- ^ 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
- ^ "Milestones: 1801–1829". Office of the Historian, State Department, United States.
- ^ David Hunter Miller, ed. (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 275, 303.
- ^ a b c d e f "Tripolitan War | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ a b r2WPadmin. "First Barbary War". American History Central. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
{{cite web}}
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George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
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These militias have conducted over 170 attacks targeting US positions as part of this effort since October 2023.
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External links
- Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
- A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War[permanent dead link], Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
- Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
- U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service