Praxilla
![Painting of a profile view of Praxilla, a woman with brown curled hair, a yellow headband with a green decorative pattern, and a pink necklace and Greek chiton. She stands in front of a granite backdrop.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Praxilla._John_William_Godward.jpg/220px-Praxilla._John_William_Godward.jpg)
Praxilla (Greek: Πράξιλλα), was a Greek lyric poet of the 5th century BC from Sicyon on the Gulf of Corinth. Five quotations attributed to Praxilla and three paraphrases from her poems survive. The surviving fragments attributed to her come from both religious choral lyric and drinking songs (skolia); the three paraphrases are all versions of myths. Various social contexts have been suggested for Praxilla based on this range of surviving works. These include that her poetry was in fact composed by two different authors, that Praxilla was a hetaira (courtesan), that she was a professional musician, or that the drinking songs derive from a non-elite literary tradition rather than being authored by a single writer.
Praxilla was apparently well-known in antiquity: she was sculpted in bronze by Lysippus and parodied by Aristophanes. In the modern world, she has been referenced in artworks by Cy Twombly and Judy Chicago, and one of her poems was adapted by the Irish poet Michael Longley.
Life
[edit]Praxilla was from Sicyon on the Gulf of Corinth.[1] Eusebius dates her floruit to 451/450 BC (the second year of the 82nd Olympiad).[a][3] No ancient sources give details about Praxilla's life.[4]
Poetry
[edit]Little of Praxilla's work survives – five fragments in her own words, and three paraphrases by other authors.[4] The longest surviving fragment is three lines.[5] These vary in style: two are skolia (drinking songs), one is in the metre named the Praxilleion after her,[b] one is a hymn to Adonis, and one is a dithyramb.[7] The three works known only in paraphrase are all versions of myths.[8] In the second century AD, Athenaeus reports that Praxilla was particularly known for her skolia.[9] The small amount of Praxilla's work which survives makes it hard for modern critics to judge.[8]
Hymn to Adonis
[edit]Three lines of Praxilla's hexameter hymn to Adonis are quoted by Zenobius. In them, Adonis is asked in the underworld what he will most miss from the mortal world. He replies that he will miss the sun, stars, and moon, cucumbers, apples, and pears. Maria Panagiotopoulou argues that both the structure of these lines and Praxilla's use of the word kalliston allude to Sappho 16.[10] The reference to cucumbers, apples, and pears may allude to the vegetables used in the Adonia, a festival commemorating the death of Adonis, and the poem may have been performed there. Alternatively as all three vegetables had sexual connotations in ancient Greek literature it may have been performed at symposia.[11]
Praxilleion
[edit]A couplet quoted by Hephaestion to illustrate the metre called the Praxilleion, which was believed to have been invented by Praxilla, is attributed to her on that basis.[12] This fragment is usually thought to have been from a skolion,[13] and commonly interpreted as being about a prostitute or hetaira.[14] More recently, Vanessa Cazzato has argued that it is in fact a wedding song.[15]
Skolia
[edit]Two of the skolia quoted by Athenaeus, who associates Praxilla with this genre, are attributed to her by other sources.[16] Because respectable women in classical Greece would normally have been excluded from the parties where such songs were performed, there has been some scholarly debate about her social position. Martin Litchfield West suggests that there were two Praxillas, one writing the skolia; the other, the more "respectable" choral songs and hymns.[17] Other scholars have argued that, based on the attribution of skolia to Praxilla, she must have been a hetaira, though Jane McIntosh Snyder notes that there is no external evidence for this thesis.[12] Ian Plant suggests the alternative hypothesis that she was a professional musician, composing songs for symposia because there was a market for such works.[4]
Alternatively, West suggests that the skolia were not written by Praxilla at all.[18] Gregory Jones agrees, and argues that all of the surviving skolia attributed to particular poets are in fact derived from a non-elite oral literary tradition.[19] Marchinus Van der Valk, who also endorses this theory, allows for the possibility that some skolia were "derived from" Praxilla's poetry and published in antiquity attributed to her.[20]
Dithyramb to Achilles
[edit]A single line of a dithyramb titled "Achilles" is quoted by Hephaestion.[21] The surviving text of this poem seems to refer to Achilles' anger at Agamemnon which leads to the events of Homer's Iliad.[8]
Reception
[edit]Praxilla was well regarded in antiquity. Antipater of Thessalonica lists her first among his canon of nine "immortal-tongued" women poets, and the sculptor Lysippus (also from Sicyon) sculpted her in bronze.[4] She was sufficiently well-known in classical Athens that two of Aristophanes' surviving plays (The Wasps and Thesmophoriazusae) parody her work,[4] and part of one of her poems is inscribed on a red-figure cup dating to about 470 BC.[22][23][c] Her poetry was still remembered many centuries after her death: the Hellenistic epigrammatist Asclepiades imitated one of her poems;[25] in the second century AD, her name was remembered in the proverb "sillier than Praxilla's Adonis", and the author Tatian cites her in his Address to the Greeks.[4]
Praxilla was included in Judy Chicago's Heritage Floor, as one of the women associated with the place-setting for Sappho in The Dinner Party.[26] Cy Twombly includes text from a poem by Praxilla in his 1960 painting Untitled (at Sea).[27] One of her fragments was adapted by Michael Longley in his poem "Praxilla", from the 2004 collection Snow Water.[28]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Vanessa Cazzato questions the reliability of Eusebius' chronology, noting that Eusebius also names Telesilla and Bacchylides in connection with this year, though both were likely earlier.[2]
- ^ The Praxilleion is a metre comprising three dactyls followed by a trochaic metron: -uu-uu-uu-u--[6]
- ^ Though Vanessa Cazzato argues that the association of the inscription with Praxilla's poem is not as certain as many scholars suggest.[24]
References
[edit]- ^ Snyder, Jane McIntosh The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 p.54
- ^ Cazzato, Vanessa. "The Look of Praxilla Fr. 8 (PMG 754)", in Cazzato, Vanessa, and Lardinois, André, The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual 2016. Leiden: Brill. p.191
- ^ Eusebius, Chronicle Ol. 82.2
- ^ a b c d e f Plant, I.M. Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004 pp 38-39.
- ^ Bowman, Laurel. "The 'Women's Tradition' in Greek Poetry", Phoenix 2004 58(1). p.23
- ^ Kirkwood, G. M., Early Greek Monody 1974, pp.180; 286
- ^ Snyder, Jane McIntosh The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 pp.55–58
- ^ a b c Snyder, Jane McIntosh The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 p.58
- ^ Natoli, Bartolo A.; Pitts, Angela; Hallett, Judith P. Ancient Women Writers of Greece and Rome 2022. p.177
- ^ Panagiotopoulou, Maria. "Praxilla's Adonis and the Female Voice: An Erotic Reverse Priamel in Sappho's Shadow and Nossis's Light". Illinois Classical Studies 47:1 2022. pp.25–26
- ^ Panagiotopoulou, Maria. "Praxilla's Adonis and the Female Voice: An Erotic Reverse Priamel in Sappho's Shadow and Nossis's Light". Illinois Classical Studies 47:1 2022. p.29
- ^ a b Snyder, Jane McIntosh The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 p.56
- ^ Cazzato, Vanessa. "The Look of Praxilla Fr. 8 (PMG 754)", in Cazzato, Vanessa, and Lardinois, André, The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual Archived 2023-04-26 at the Wayback Machine 2016. Leiden: Brill. p.201
- ^ Cazzato, Vanessa. "The Look of Praxilla Fr. 8 (PMG 754)", in Cazzato, Vanessa, and Lardinois, André, The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual Archived 2023-04-26 at the Wayback Machine 2016. Leiden: Brill. pp.185–186
- ^ Cazzato, Vanessa. "The Look of Praxilla Fr. 8 (PMG 754)", in Cazzato, Vanessa, and Lardinois, André, The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual Archived 2023-04-26 at the Wayback Machine 2016. Leiden: Brill. p.186
- ^ Snyder, Jane McIntosh The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 p.55
- ^ West, M.L., Greek Lyric Poetry: A new translation. Oxford University Press 1993 p.xix
- ^ West, M.L., Greek Lyric Poetry: A new translation. Oxford University Press 1993 p.xix
- ^ Jones, Gregory S., "Voice of the People: Popular Symposia and the Non-Elite Origins of the Attic Skolia". Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol.144 issue 2, Autumn 2014. p.234.
- ^ Van der Valk, Marchinus, "On the Composition of the Attic Skolia", Hermes Vol.102, Issue 1, 1974. p.7
- ^ Cazzato, Vanessa. "The Look of Praxilla Fr. 8 (PMG 754)", in Cazzato, Vanessa, and Lardinois, André, The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual Archived 2023-04-26 at the Wayback Machine 2016. Leiden: Brill. p.194
- ^ West, M. L., "The Greek Poetess: Her Role and Image". Hellenica: Selected Papers on Greek Literature and Thought. Vol. III. Oxford University Press 2011. p. 323
- ^ Davies, Malcolm, ed. (2021). Lesser & Anonymous Fragments of Greek Lyric Poetry: A Commentary. Oxford University Press. p.68
- ^ Cazzato, Vanessa. "The Look of Praxilla Fr. 8 (PMG 754)", in Cazzato, Vanessa, and Lardinois, André, The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual 2016. Leiden: Brill. pp.186–187
- ^ de Vos, Mieke. "From Lesbos she Took her Honeycomb: Sappho and the Female Tradition in Hellenistic Poetry". In Pieper, Christoph; Ker, James (eds.). Valuing the Past in the Greco-Roman World. Brill 2014. p.420 n.38
- ^ Brooklyn Museum, "Praxilla Archived 2022-12-06 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 6 December 2022
- ^ Greub, Thierry. Das ungezähmte Bild: Texte zu Cy Twombly. Brill 2017. p.199; p.211 n.22
- ^ Balmer, Josephine. Piecing Together the Fragments: Translating Classical Verse, Creating Contemporary Poetry. Oxford University Press 2013. p.114
External links
[edit]- Project Continua: Biography of Praxilla Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women’s intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.