Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia
First dynasty of UrUr I dynasty
A map of the
Near East detailing the approximated territorial extent of the Sumerian empire during the first dynasty of Ur
Show map of West and Central Asia Country Sumer Founded c. 2600 BC (c. 2600 BC ) Founder Mesannepada Final ruler Balulu Historic seat Ur Titles Connected families Third dynasty of Ur Dissolution c. 2340 BC (c. 2340 BC )
The First Dynasty of Ur was a 26th-25th century BCE dynasty of rulers of the city of Ur in ancient Sumer .[ 1] It is part of the Early Dynastic period III of the history of Mesopotamia . It was preceded by the earlier First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk .[ 2]
Golden helmet of Meskalamdug , possible founder of the First Dynasty of Ur.
Gold objects from tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur .
King at peace, with attendants, from the Standard of Ur .
King at war, with soldiers, from the Standard of Ur .
According to the Sumerian King List , the final ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk Lugal-kitun was overthrown by Mesannepada of Ur . There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada , Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu.[ 3] Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely Mes-kalam-du and A-Kalam-du.[ 3] It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in Mari , and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.[ 3] A probable Queen Puabi is also known from her lavish tomb at the Royal Cemetery at Ur . The First Dynasty of Ur had extensive influence over the area of Sumer , and apparently led a union of south Mesopotamian polities.[ 3] [ 4]
Funeral procession at the Royal Cemetery of Ur (items and positions in PG 789 ), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).
Ethnicity and language [ edit ]
Like other Sumerians , the people of Ur were a non-Semitic people who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a language isolate .[ 5] [ 6]
International trade [ edit ]
The etched carnelian beads in this necklace from the Royal Cemetery dating to the First Dynasty of Ur were probably imported from the Indus Valley. British Museum .[ 7]
The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as Carnelian likely coming from the Indus or Iran , Lapis Lazuli from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan , silver from Turkey , copper from Oman , and gold from several locations such as Egypt , Nubia , Turkey or Iran .[ 8] Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in Ur tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of Indus-Mesopotamia relations .[ 9] In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developed by the Harappans .[ 7] These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the workshops of Ur.[ 8]
Lapis lazuli was likely imported from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan .[ 8]
The Ur I dynasty had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with India , which put her in a strategic position to import and trade vast quantities of gold, carnelian or lapis lazuli.[ 4] In comparison, the burials of the kings of Kish were much less lavish.[ 4] High-prowed Sumerian ships may have traveled as far as Meluhha , thought to be the Indus region, for trade.[ 4]
According to the Sumerian King List , the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the Elamite Awan dynasty .[ 10] The Sumerian king Eannatum (c.2500–2400 BCE) of Lagash , then came to dominate the whole region, and established one of the first verifiable empires in history.[ 11]
The power of Ur would only revive a few centuries later with the Third Dynasty of Ur .[ 11] [ 12]
#
Depiction
Ruler
Succession
Epithet
Approx. dates
Notes
Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC )
Predynastic Ur (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC )
A-Imdugud 𒀀𒀭𒅎𒂂
fl. c. 2600 BC
Ur-Pabilsag 𒌨𒀭𒉺𒉋𒊕
Son of A-Imdugud (?)[ 14]
d. c. 2550 BC
temp. of Ursangpae[ 15]
Known from an inscription fragment bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 779 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
#
Depiction
Ruler
Succession
Epithet
Approx. dates
Notes
Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BC )
Akalamdug 𒀀𒌦𒄭
Son of Meskalamdug (?)
reigned c. 2500 BC
Son of Meskalamdug (?)
temp. of Akurgal [ 15]
Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 1332 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
Meskalamdug 𒈩𒌦𒄭
Son of Akalamdug (?)
r. c. 2500 BC
Son of Akalamdug (?)
temp. of Enakalle [ 15]
Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Kish " (found in tomb PG 755 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
Puabi 𒅤𒀜
m. c. 2500 to Meskalamdug (?)
Known from inscriptions bearing the title of, "Queen " (found in tomb PG 800 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
She may have ruled in her own right as queen regent
"Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur ."
— SKL
1st
Mesannepada 𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕
Son of Meskalamdug (?)
r. c. 2500 BC(80 years)
Son of Meskalamdug (?)
temp. of Ur-Lumma [ 15]
Known from the SKL , Tummal Chronicle , and an inscribed seal bearing the title of, "King of Kish" (found in tomb PG 1232/1237 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
2nd
Meskiagnun 𒈩𒆠𒉘𒉣
Son of Mesannepada (?)
r. c. 2485 – c. 2450 BC(30 or 36 years)
Son of Mesannepada (?)
temp. of Epa'e[ 15]
Said on the SKL to have been the son of Mesannepada and to have held the title of, "King" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer
Known from the Tummal Chronicle his tomb PG 1157 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur
3rd
Elulu 𒂊𒇻𒇻
r. c. 2445 BC(25 years)
Historicity certain.[ 15]
Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.[ 15]
temp. of Lugalanda [ 15]
4th
Balulu 𒁀𒇻𒇻
Uncertain (36 years)
Historicity uncertain.
Known from the SKL ; very little otherwise.
Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.
"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan ."
— SKL
Enshakushanna 𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾
Son of Elulu (?)[ 15]
r. c. 2430 BC(60 years)
Lugal-kinishe-dudu 𒈗𒆠𒉌𒂠𒌌𒌌
r. c. 2400 BC(120 years)
Originally from Uruk
Held the title of "King of Uruk and Ur"
temp. of Enannatum II [ 15]
Lugal-kisal-si 𒈗𒆦𒋛
Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu[ 15]
r. c. 2400 BC
A'annepada 𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕
Son of Mesannepada
Uncertain ; this ruler may have r. c. 2500 – c. 2350 BC sometime during the EDIIIb period[ 15]
Son of Mesannepada
temp. of Entemena [ 15]
Known from dedication tablets with inscriptions bearing the title "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 580 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
#
Depiction
Ruler
Succession
Epithet
Approx. dates
Notes
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2112 BC )
Lunanna
Uncertain ; this ruler may have r. c. 2350 – c. 2112 BC sometime during the Proto-Imperial period[ 15]
Only the final kings of the First Dynasty of Ur, from Mesannepada to Balulu and possibly 4 unnamed kings, are mentioned in the Sumerian King List :[ 16]
"... Uruk with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur Mesannepada was king, 80 years he ruled; Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna , son of Mesannepada , was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu , 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.
The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.[ 3] The tombs are particularly lavish, and testify to the wealth of the First Dynasty of Ur.[ 4] One of the most famous tombs is that of Queen Puabi .[ 4]
A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of
Puabi , housed at the British Museum
Queen's Lyre, one of the
Lyres of Ur , Ur Royal Cemetery.
Cylinder seal of Queen
Puabi , found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆
Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".
[ 18] [ 19] [ 20] The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced
Nin “lady”, or
Eresh “queen”.
[ 21]
Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen
Puabi 's tomb. (British Museum)
Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE
^ The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge University Press. 1970. p. 228 . ISBN 9780521070515 .
^ Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East . Infobase Publishing. 2009. p. 664. ISBN 9781438126760 .
^ a b c d e Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) . University of Toronto Press. pp. 901–902. ISBN 9781442690479 .
^ a b c d e f Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). Early Antiquity . University of Chicago Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780226144672 .
^ "The Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who perhaps came from the east" in Curtis, Adrian (2009). Oxford Bible Atlas . Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780191623325 . . Mention of Gen 11:2 "And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there." (English Standard Version)
^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1979). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 392. ISBN 9780802837813 .
^ a b British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
^ a b c British Museum notice "Grave goods from Ur "
^ McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives . ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. ISBN 9781576079072 .
^ "Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan ." in Kriwaczek, Paul (2014). Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization . Atlantic Books. p. 136. ISBN 9781782395676 .
^ a b Incorporated, Facts On File (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East . Infobase Publishing. p. 664. ISBN 9781438126760 .
^ Knapp, Arthur Bernard (1988). The history and culture of ancient Western Asia and Egypt . Wadsworth. p. 92. ISBN 9780534106454 .
^ Woolley, Leonard ; Hall, Henry ; Legrain, L. (1900). Ur excavations (Report). Vol. II. Trustees of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. ISBN 9780598629883 . Archived from the original on 2010-07-01.
^ Aruz, J.; Wallenfels, R. (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus . Metropolitan Museum of Art Series. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300098839 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Marchesi, Gianni (January 2015). Sallaberger, Walther ; Schrakamp, Ingo (eds.). "Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia" . History and Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout) : 139–156.
^ "CDLI-Found Texts" . cdli.ucla.edu .
^ "CDLI-Found Texts" . cdli.ucla.edu .
^ British Museum notice WA 121544
^ Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World . Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 9781136219115 .
^ Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur . UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN 9780924171550 .
^ James, Sharon L.; Dillon, Sheila (2015). A Companion to Women in the Ancient World . John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. ISBN 9781119025542 .
Territories/ dates[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish /Assur
Akshak /Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I Naqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes
Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep ♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith ♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite period (Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynastyJushur , Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum , Puannum , Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta ")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug , Tizqar , Ilku Iltasadum
Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[ 6]
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings)Uhub Mesilim
Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum
Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi )Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun
Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi
Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba ♀
Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu
Uruk II dynastyEnsha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal
A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik
Ush Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)[ 6]
Shushun- tarana Napilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e Meskigal
Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun )
Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty NanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynastyLugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari
Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[ 6]
Ukush
Lugalanda Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
Second Eblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty)Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi , Imi , Nanum , Ilulu (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings)La-erabum Si'um
Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
Umma II dynastyLugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)[ 7]
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty )
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma
(Amorite Shakkanakkus )Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...)Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites )Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu )
Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (Amorites )Dynasty of Isin : Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa : Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites )Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballit Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar m DIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
Hittite Empire Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret ♀
Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat ♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ("Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser † Shalmaneser † Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon † Sennacherib † Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi † Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon † Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II ♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis ♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator ♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter ♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV ♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty : Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty : Antigonus I Seleucid Empire : Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra ♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia ♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran ♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht ♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia